About Class I Deep Injection Wells

The Facts About Injection Wells

Class I Injection Wells are Part of A Federal Program

Injection wells are used to safely dispose of non-hazardous wastewater deep underground into confined rock formations that are isolated from drinking water sources. These wells must comply with strict federal and state regulations, from permitting and construction through operation and ongoing monitoring.
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Environmentally Proven

Injection wells are an environmentally preferred, proven method for protecting groundwater. These wells are regulated under Florida's Aquifer Protection Program and are designed to prevent impacts to underground sources of drinking water.

Groundwater Protection Is Our Top Priority

According to FDEP, no Class I injection wells in Florida have ever impacted a public water supply, including the seven active Class I wells disposing of non-hazardous leachate. Protecting groundwater remains the primary objective of the program.

We Never Handle Hazardous Waste

Florida law prohibited new hazardous waste injection wells beginning in 1983. All new Class I wells statewide, including HOF's, are permitted to accept only non-hazardous, pre-treated leachate.

Decades of Proven Performance

Florida's first leachate injection well began operating in 1988. Florida's first leachate injection well began operating in 1988. For more than three decades, Class I injection wells have provided a safe, regulated, and reliable method for managing non-hazardous wastewater.
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Continuous Monitoring Protects Communities

HOF operates a dedicated subsurface monitoring well, as required by FDEP, to monitor injection fluid movement at least 1,000 feet below the surface. Florida's requirements for additional monitoring exceed federal guidelines and provide an added layer of protection.
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The use of Class I injection wells is a proven, scientifically backed method of pre-treated wastewater disposal, with approximately 236 active Class I Wells throughout the state. For decades, these wells have been used as an environmentally-preferable method for protecting the Aquifer and groundwater.

According to FDEP, no Class I Injection Wells in Florida have ever impacted the public water supply. Any reported non-compliance issues were not associated with impacts to the public water supply, but a demonstration of the effectiveness of the monitoring systems in place.

Class I injection wells are part of a federal program used to safely dispose of pre-treated wastewater deep underground, far below drinking water sources. These wells inject pre-treated wastewater below confined rock, ensuring isolation from drinking water.

Florida is home to roughly 30% of all Class I injection wells (US EPA). These highly-regulated structures are scientifically proven to safely manage pre-treated wastewater, and include ongoing testing and continuous monitoring.

How Do Class I Injection Wells Work?

Injection wells are made of steel casing and layers of cement to safely contain injection fluids like pre-treated leachate and non-hazardous wastewater. These shafts are methodically drilled thousands of feet below underground sources of any drinking water and surrounded by hundreds of feet of sediment and rock formations that prevent cross-contamination, leaks, or fluid movement outside the injection zone.

These wells are built with multiple layers of protection. Storing non-hazardous wastewater thousands of feet underground allows for rock formations and engineered piping to create impenetrable barriers to avoid spillage or upward movement.

Florida has some of the most stringent Class I Injection Well regulations as part of FDEP’s Aquifer Protection Program.
Injection zones are thousands of feet deep, required to stretch well below the lowest source of drinking water and any future drinking water sources.
Natural impermeable rock layers prevent upward movement
Steel casing and cement reinforce the well and surrounding rock formations
Continuous monitoring systems and an additional monitoring well ensure non-hazardous wastewater remains in the injection zone.

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The use of Class I injection wells is a proven, scientifically backed method of non-hazardous wastewater disposal, with approximately 236 active Class I Wells throughout the state. For decades, these wells have been used as an environmentally-preferable method for protecting the Aquifer and groundwater.

Florida is a national leader in Class I well application. Due to strict oversight and continuous testing, the state has consistently proven its ability to operate this technological innovation for the benefit of Floridians.

Approximately 236 active wells statewide
Commonly used for municipal and industrial non-hazardous wastewater
Used as an environmentally-preferable alternative to discharges to natural systems

How are Class I Injection Wells Regulated?

Class I wells are regulated by federal, state, and local guidelines that are strictly enforced and codified. Florida’s Department of Environmental Protection implements the federal Underground Injection Control program in addition to its own regulations, making landfills and wells in Florida among the most rigorously regulated and heavily monitored in the nation.

Class I Deep Injection Wells are part of FDEP’s Aquifer Protection Program and must comply with federal oversight, state regulations, and Florida Administrative Code Chapter 62-528 throughout the permitting process, exploratory drilling, and well operation.

The Aquifer Protection Program, consisting of DEP engineers and geologists, implements the federal Underground Injection Control (UIC) program when constructing and monitoring all Class I wells, safeguarding all Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDW) from contamination. This is done by:

Requiring authorization through detailed design review, testing, and permitting
Prohibiting any injection that causes a contaminant to enter a USDW

Continuous monitoring and frequent testing requirements maintain the highest standards possible throughout operation. Class I Injection Wells are reinforced with the strongest materials available, and are required to undergo frequent mechanical integrity testing before, during, and after construction.

Wells are continuously monitored before, during, and after construction:

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Before a well is permitted, operators must conduct rigorous geologic, hydrologic, and engineering analysis.
During construction, FDEP requires weekly construction reports
When the well is operational, FDEP requires monthly reporting of physical properties, flow rates, pre-treated wastewater levels and chemical parameters.
Wells must undergo routine mechanical integrity testing every five years at minimum to ensure all casing, tubing, and seals operate effectively.
Monitoring systems perpetually run to ensure pre-treated wastewater remains in the injection zone, detecting any movement before it ever comes into contact with USDWs.
In accordance with EPA and DEP regulations, any interchange of water between aquifers is prohibited.

FDEP’s application of UIC regulations also requires the following:

Redundant well casings (a well inside of another well)
Continuous monitoring of pressure between the well casings
Ensuring containment in the injection zone
Continuous characteristic testing of injected fluid

Why Are Class I Injection Wells Used?

For decades, these wells have been used as an environmentally-preferable method for protecting the Aquifer and groundwater. This method simplifies the pre-treated wastewater disposal process, significantly reducing the number of opportunities for leachate to re-enter the environment.

Injection wells allow for non-hazardous wastewater to be treated and safely discharged far below fresh aquifers without the risk of release into bodies of water or the environment. To date, no Class I injection wells in the state of Florida have impacted the public water supply.

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These injection well systems are specifically designed to protect natural waterbodies, such as wetlands, rivers and estuaries, groundwater and springs, and reduce environmental impact.

Class I wells have a unique ability to effectively manage pre-treated wastewater while simultaneously protecting ecosystems surrounding it by eliminating surface discharges into lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water.

Injection occurs deep below all drinking water sources
Natural geologic barriers contain liquids in the injection zone
Strict regulations prohibit contamination of aquifers
Unique, Florida specific well designs, overseen by highly educated Geologists and Engineers dedicated to protecting our drinking water
Preferred by the FDEP due to their effective and proven track record in the state of Florida